TNF and COVID-19: It has been observed that individuals with COVID-19 have expanded levels of some cytokines, consisting of interleukin-9 (IL-9), interleukin-15 (IL-15), interleukin-16 (IL-16), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)20.