TNF and neoplasm: The peritumoral region is in a pro-inflammatory state, with recruitment of astrocytes, microglial cells, and macrophages, increased concentrations of cytokines including interleukins (IL) IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-2 and MMP-9—all of which promote tumor proliferation, invasiveness, and seizure susceptibility [8, 9, 10•, 11].