TNF and sarcoidosis: In this study, we identified several enriched pathways upregulated in sarcoidosis macrophages, categorized broadly as inflammatory response-related pathways such as the interferon gamma response, TNF-alpha signaling pathway and mTORC1 signaling pathway, These pathways are globally in line with the molecular pathways targeted by drugs used in the clinics, such as the use of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids, secondary therapeutic agents indicated for clinical use such as TNF-alpha inhibitors (Infliximab and adalimumab), Tofacitinib (a JAK inhibitor), as well as mTOR inhibitors (19, 37, 42).