TGFB1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Moreover, activated macrophages have been reported to enhance the differentiation of HSCs into pro-fibrotic myofibroblastic cells by producing the transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1), promoting collagen deposition, leading to hepatic fibrosis (59) (Figure 2).Adipose tissue macrophages constitute a critical cell population influencing the development of NAFLD, which is with obesity being a significant risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.