However, application of sc-RNA seq has uncovered high heterogeneity in hepatic macrophages, suggesting that liver-resident hepatic macrophages and MoDMacs play diverse roles in the regulation of hepatic inflammation and NAFLD progression to NASH (47, 54).In a study concerning metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a reduction in KCs was observed among MAFLD patients, which were replaced by newly emerged macrophages originating from the bone marrow. Here, TBCE is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.