It is clear that Aβ fibrils activate the Nlrp3 inflammasome in microglia (32), and several reports have identified activated inflammasome effectors - in particular caspase-1 and IL-1ß - in the brains of AD patients and in animal models of AD-associated neuropathology (30, 31, 33, 52, 55–61). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Alzheimer disease.