APP and Alzheimer disease: Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory mRNA expression levels of TGF-1 and IL-4 were considerably increased in APP/PS1 mice following early GA intervention starting at 2 months of old (Figures 4CIII,IV), consistent with the above results, implying that GA is involved in modulating the immune microenvironment in AD brains by attenuating microglia activation and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels.