In chondrocytes [48, 60], human airway fibroblast [61], human breast cancer cells [59], pancreatic stellate cells [62], human epithelial cells [63] and human gingival fibroblast [64], treatment with TGF-β increases the synthesis of TIMP-1 or TIMP-3, implying that upon TGFBR activation, TIMPs synthesis is upregulated to counteract the action of MMPs. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and breast carcinoma.