To explore the potential role of glucose metabolism enzymes in modulating clinical response or resistance to ICB therapy, we first screened transcriptomic data from HCC cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, accessions: phs000178), GO30140 and IMbrave150 cohorts from The European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA, accessions: EGAD00001008130), for differentially expressed metabolic genes, which revealed that HKDC1 was expressed at substantially higher levels in clinical HCC lesion samples compared to that in matched non-cancerous tissues (Supplementary Fig. 1a). Here, HKDC1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.