VEGFA and hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC patients treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy or anti-PD-L1 combined with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-A typically exhibit modest objective response rates (ORRs) of 15% and 27.3%, respectively; however, approximately 20% and 56.5% of patients experience grade 3 or higher treatment-induced irAEs11,30 (IMBRAVE150).