At 11w, gene expression levels of T1D-related autoantigens including insulin (Ins1 and Ins2), GAD65 (Gad2), IA-2 (Ptprn), ZnT-8 (Slc30a8), and IGRP (G6pc2) in β-cells were comparable between genotypes (Supplementary Fig. 1g). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.