CD4 and colitis: A similar pattern was observed in the spleen, where CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs were significantly higher and IL17+CD4+ T cells were significantly lower in Dub or Abx-Dub groups compared with noncolonized controls at D7 (Supplementary Fig. 4d), indicating that Dub rebalanced Treg/Th17 response not only in the colon, but also in the peripheral blood in DSS-induced colitis.