ZUP1 and colitis: Indeed, Dub colonization exerted an even greater protective effect against DSS-induced colitis than Akk, with lower body weight loss (Supplementary Fig. 2c), longer colon length (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Fig. 2d), lower histopathological score (Fig. 2b, c) and less colonic macrophage infiltration (Fig. 2c).