INS and gestational diabetes: (96) found that IR and islet beta function in both GDM patients and normal pregnant women enhanced with increasing gestational weeks, but IR levels were significantly higher in GDM patients than in normal pregnant women, and insulin secretory function was lower in GDM patients than in normal pregnant women in early pregnancy, and it was hypothesized that compensatory insulin secretion defect and IR in GDM patients may be an important cause of GDM occurrence.