Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic disease caused by abnormal lipid metabolism or insulin dysfunction, and persistent chronic elevation of blood glucose and long-term metabolic disorders can damage tissues and organs throughout the body, leading to complications such as diabetic kidney disease (DKD), diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), and diabetic muscle atrophy (Wen et al., 2023). Here, INS is linked to Other metabolic disease.