PPARGC1A and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In vitro, CP upregulates the protein levels of PGC-1α, PPARα, PINK1, Parkin, ATG7, and LC3I/II in free FA (FFA)-induced NAFLD cell models, activates the PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway to promote mitophagy in liver cells, and inhibits FFA-induced OS and lipid accumulation.