CD40 and colorectal carcinoma: Importantly, prior studies showed that HMGB1 is crucial for DC function and chemotaxis, which trigger inflammation [47, 48], and our coculture assay of human DCs with stable CRC cells further showed that MSI2 promotes HMGB1-mediated DCs maturation, as evidenced by the expression of DC maturation markers such as CD80, CD86, CD40 and CD83.