Compared to control-derived iMGs, FTD–GRN patient-derived iMGs showed decreased expression levels of homeostatic microglia-specific genes (P2RY12, TMEM119, TGFBR1, and CX3CR1) but increased expression levels of inflammation-related genes (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) (Fig. 2D, E). Here, TNF is linked to frontotemporal dementia.