TGFB1 and glioblastoma: Moreover, CAF-secreted hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or TGF-β1- stimulates downstream PI3K-AKT/MAPK/ERK/STAT pathways, thus leading to anti-EGFR, anti-BRAF chemoresistance in colon cancer, glioblastoma, melanoma, etc. [246–249].