In this study, the BPD group demonstrated higher concentrations of Man-D, GalN-D, Glc-D, Gal-D, Fuc-D, Man-F, and Glc-F than the non-BPD group, suggesting that monosaccharide levels in premature infants could reflect lung injury and abnormal repair processes. This evidence concerns the gene GAL and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.