ESR1 and lung carcinoma: For example, Cd is proposed to mimic estrogenic effects, as a result of its ability to form a high-affinity complex with the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor, promoting the development of breast cancer [21].The accumulation of Cd has also been found to increase the risk of lung cancer occurrence, with high exposure to this heavy metal resulting in poor prognosis in patients with lung cancer [22].