A previous preclinical study revealed that oncogenic EGFR mutations play an important role in creating a non-inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME) (Nishii et al. 2022; Sugiyama et al. 2020) and that the expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells do not reproducibly predict the efficacy of ICI in EGFR-mutant lung cancer (Qiao et al. 2021). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and lung cancer.