TNF and COVID-19: Contrary to animal experimental data indicating anti-inflammatory effect of coffee,23 data in humans showed that consuming more than 200 mL of coffee per day was associated with higher levels of proinflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α,24 which may suppress the immune response against viral infection.25,26 Further studies are required to confirm the present positive association between coffee drinking and COVID-19 risk and explore the underlying mechanism behind the association.