Two interesting DAMPs secreted from multiple tissues, including lung ECs, are the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT), whose expression is increased by exposure to hypoxia, cellular stress, and increased mechanical stress (26–28), with eNAMPT plasma levels elevated by bacterial/viral infection, sepsis, hypoxia, ischemia/reperfusion, radiation, and trauma (29–31). Here, HMGB1 is linked to viral infectious disease.