TNF and hemorrhagic stroke: Examples include: ACE gene polymorphisms in hemorrhagic stroke (OR 1.97 vs. 1.02 in Caucasians) [25,44]; various inflammatory gene polymorphisms - transforming growth factor-beta​​​​(TGFβ-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) [45-48], structural gene variants such as the degrading enzyme ​​​​​​​matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases​​​​​​​-1 (TIMP-1)[49-51]; and others, e.g., endothelin-1 and fibrinogen polymorphisms [52,53].