CCL2 and infection: Evidence from animal models further supports the notion that infections heighten the risk of developing epilepsy by engaging immunoinflammatory pathways, involving factors such as TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and others (Lv et al., 2014; Cusick et al., 2017; Patel et al., 2017; Sewal et al., 2017; Medel-Matus et al., 2018).