Indeed, alterations in CD4+ T-cell differentiation were recently found in the intestine of mice with mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene (Apc+/Min and Apc+/1638N), which, upon H. pylori infection, developed twice as many tumors as non-infected controls (Ralser et al., 2023), reflecting the two-fold increased risk for CRC observed in epidemiologic human studies. Here, APC is linked to colorectal carcinoma.