In addition, H. pylori stimulates a systemic immunosuppressive T helper 2 (Th2)/macrophage M2 response and activates the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, followed by IL-1ß and IL-18 cytokine secretion, which, together with a Treg-skewed response, protects from the development of IBD (Engler et al., 2015; Feilstrecker Balani et al., 2023). Here, NLRP3 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.