As shown in Fig. 9, there were significantly higher populations of motor neurons with dual phenotypes of DNA damage (γH2ax-positive) and senescence in the inner layers of the motor cortex (~ four-fold higher; Fig. 9a and c) and thoracic region of the spinal cord (~four-fold; Fig. 9b and c) in the CNS of ALS-Tdp-43 mice than that in sham mice. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.