Notably, the use of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies has led to improved survival rates across various cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), melanoma, urothelial carcinoma, and a range of other solid tumors [2–6]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.