We then evaluated the ability of Ascore to predict immunotherapy response in bladder cancer, and the ROC analysis (Fig. 6D) illustrated Ascore’s superior predictive capacity (AUC = 0.717) compared to TMB (AUC = 0.700), PD-L1 expression levels on immune cells (AUC = 0.628), and PD-L1 expression in tumor tissues (AUC = 0.582). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.