However, despite evidence indicating a crucial role for CD4+ T cells in determining the outcome of liver diseases, studies utilizing murine models to investigate CD4 help to intrahepatic CD8+ T cells have largely failed to define the mechanisms that facilitate the transfer of CD4 help to CD8+ T cells specific for antigens expressed in the liver and thus, the cellular and molecular interactions remain poorly understood17,18. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is liver disorder.