In some cancers, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), RALGAPB depletion has been reported to promote invasion, migration, tumor growth and metastasis by increasing transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) signaling and decreasing c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity [60,61] and mTORC1-dependent pancreatic tumor cell invasion [62,63]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.