In fact, targeting cytokines, such as IL-33, IL-25, IL-13 and IL5, is effective in modulating the downstream recruitment and activation of immune cells, such as eosinophils, M2 macrophages, mast cells, and in some instances, ILC2s, therefore can be beneficial in preventing/reducing gastritis and downstream gastric metaplasia. Here, IL13 is linked to Gastric Metaplasia.