The binding of HMGB1 to the cytosolic self-DNA aggravates the TLR9-mediated pro-inflammatory immune signaling pathway due to increased recognition of cytosolic DNA that may enhance STING-dependent type 1 IFN release to clear pathogenic infections or exaggerate sterile pro-inflammatory diseases such as autoinflammation and autoimmunity [30,181]. This evidence concerns the gene STING1 and infection.