P4HB and diabetes mellitus: To further investigate the role of estrogen in alleviating protein misfolding and confirm the role of Pdi observed in our animal and cell experiments, further analysis using computer assisted molecular modeling methods, biophysical techniques such as thioflavin (ThT) fluorescence, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), could shed more light on the process of protein misfolding in diabetes and how estradiol can modulate the UPR to alleviate this condition [29,30,31,32].