AF injury models have also shown an increase in ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in lumbar SC [60], which are glial cell markers for microglia and astrocytes, respectively, and are highly associated with neuroinflammation and neural remodeling in the central nervous system. This evidence concerns the gene AIF1 and atrial fibrillation.