In xenograft models, VPA was shown to induce apoptosis, as demonstrated by the TUNEL assay and the detection of cleaved caspase 3-positive cells, with a significant reduction of 36.4% in the mean tumor volume in the VPA-treated group compared the control group after 4 weeks of treatment (p < 0.01) [93]. This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and neoplasm.