SerpinA3K is another novel biomarker for the AKI to CKD transition in animal models, and knockout of serpinA3K resulted in higher FoxO3 expression with improved cellular responses to hypoxic injury, suggesting SerpinA3K’s involvement in the renal oxidant response, HIF1α pathway, and cell apoptosis [104,105]. Here, FOXO3 is linked to acute kidney injury.