TNF and cancer: Pro-inflammatory factors, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), TGF-β, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are produced by both cancer and non-cancer cells, and they activate NFκB and signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3), triggering the EMT trans-differentiation program and the activity of matrix modifiers [103].