CHEK2 and cancer: The TP53 gene has a different mutation prevalence by race, with African-American women having significantly more TP53 mutations than White women [48].Considered as a cancer susceptibility gene that harbors germline alterations in multiple cancers including BC, the checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is a gene that encodes a protein kinase that may be activated by phosphorylation in response to DNA damage, serving for TP53 stabilization, cell cycle arrest, genome maintenance, and apoptosis [49].