Unlike in miR-548, it makes sense that miR-1178 has the opposite function, promoting proliferation, G1/S transition migration, and invasion while inhibiting apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells, esophageal squamous carcinoma cells (ESCC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma and bladder cancer cells by targeting CHIP, a co-chaperone member of E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of numerous proteins, affecting AADAC, STK4 and p21 expression [65,66,67,68]. Here, STUB1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.