TNF and Sepsis: Yet, we know from sepsis models that HIF-1α is a critical determinant of the sepsis phenotype, promoting the production of many inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6 and IL12), and HIF-1α deletion in human macrophages reduces LPS-induced mortality and alleviates the clinical presentation of sepsis, including hypotension and hypothermia [12,28].