HIF1A and congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1: In ACLF, we observed increased intrahepatic HIF-1α expression across all different etiologies and underlying liver diseases: regardless of the underlying etiology of CLD (toxic/alcohol, autoimmune or cholestatic) and the precipitating event of ACLF (infections—sterile via LPS injection or unsterile via stool injection—or toxic via alcohol binges), strong intrahepatic HIF-1α mRNA expression was detected in all qPCRs in both the rat and mouse models.