CCL2 and neoplasm: Various strategies can be employed for therapeutic intervention, such as blocking the CCL2–CCR2 or CCR5–CCL5 axes, depleting TAMs by blocking CSF-1 or CSF-1R, blocking macrophage checkpoint inhibitors like CD47/SIRP1α, PD-1/PD-L1, MHCI/LILRB1, and CD24/Siglec-10, and suppressing the pro-tumor activity of macrophages (by inhibiting TGF-β or VEGF).