INS and diabetes mellitus: The authors also found that, when compared with individuals with type 2 diabetes, individuals with PPDM-A were 6.4 times more likely to use insulin therapy 1 year after the diabetes diagnosis, and 5.2 times more likely 5 years after the diabetes diagnosis, after adjustment for common covariates (i.e., age, sex, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, body mass index, and initial haemoglobin level at diagnosis) [129].