Also, a number of signaling pathways may play a role in the pathophysiology of GDM; NF-κB contributes to the development of GDM by promoting adipocyte inflammation and impairing insulin-related functions, such as glucose uptake, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), sirtuins (SIRTs), 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), PI3K/mTOR, inflammasomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [11]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.