With significantly higher levels of MIC-1/GDF-15 in the pancreatic fluid of patients with pancreatic cancer who also had type 2 diabetes than in those who did not, as well as higher levels than type 2 diabetes combined with chronic pancreatitis, Kaur et al measured MIC levels through endoscopic collection of pancreatic fluid. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.