GDF15 and pancreatic neoplasm: This suggests a potential synergistic effect between type 2 diabetes and pancreatic cancer.[61] It is crucial to minimize the influence of drugs as much as possible because multiple studies have demonstrated that NSAIDs impacts serum MIC-1/GDF-15 levels mainly through Egr-1 induction.[21,62] Numerous additional clinical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease, may also lead to an increase in GDF-15 levels.[21]