TP53 and Familial prostate cancer: It can activate the p53 binding site on the GDF-15 gene promoter, inducing the expression of GDF-15 to exert anti-tumor effects.[15,25,26] As mentioned previously, in addition to p53, the activation of oncogenes EGR-1,GSK-3β, an C/EBP β can increase the expression of GDF-15.[13] The study conducted by Husaini Y et al examined the impact of MIC-1/GDF-15 overexpression on the initiation and progression of prostate cancer.