VSIR and cancer: VISTA has been reported to inhibit T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production by interacting with its ligands on antigen-presenting cells or T cells.[45] In cancer, VISTA has been shown to promote immune evasion by suppressing antitumor T cell responses, making it an attractive therapeutic target for immune checkpoint blockade.[46] TNFRSF14, also known as herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is expressed on the surface of various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells.