Therefore, imeglimin has both indirect and direct potential to prevent and/or improve cognitive impairment: (i) the improvement of glucose metabolism could reduce the risk of cognitive impairment by mitigating diabetes-related multifactorial pathologies, and (ii) the stimulation of the ULK1–TXNIP–NLRP3 axis would suppress microglial activation and attenuate neuroinflammation under diabetic conditions. Here, TXNIP is linked to diabetes mellitus.