Xu et al. (2022) [300] reported that exosomes, derived from MSCs, overexpressing Nrf2, inhibited cardiac fibrosis in AF, while Xu et al. (2021) implicated miR-324-3p-regulating Tgf-ß1 and, consequently, fibroblast proliferation in AF. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to atrial fibrillation.