VAPB and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: ALS cases have been associated with genes involved in vesicular trafficking, including VCP, CHMP2B, VAPB, ALS2, and DCTN1 (genes encoding valosin-containing protein, charged multivesicular body protein 2B, VAMP associated protein B, alsin Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, and dynactin subunit 1 protein, respectively), which may influence autophagy flux either directly or indirectly [292].