BRAF and melanoma: For example, melanomas are characterized by diverse genomic alterations in the form of functional mutations to NRAS, BRAF, KIT, CDK4, and MITF, loss of CDKN2A, PTEN, ARID2, and NF expression, and epigenetic changes to PTEN, CDKN2A, RAC1, and P53 genes [16,66,67].