In animal models of acute kidney injury and colitis, IGF-1C-CS encapsulation has proven to enhance MSC therapeutic effects, potentially through an increased secretion of PGE2 and IL-10, the suppression of TNF-α production, and the polarization of macrophages toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype [107,108] (Table 1). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is acute kidney injury.