TGFB1 and neoplasm: Yen et al. reported that overexpression of TGF-β1 in EVs from GC patients was associated with lymph node metastasis, and further research has revealed that TGF-β1 in EVs converted naive T cells into FOXP3 Treg cells in vitro, allowing tumor cells to regulate immune surveillance, leading to lymph node metastasis of GC (Yen et al., 2017).