TNF and glaucoma: During the neuroinflammatory process in glaucoma, chronic activation of microglial cells leads to the release of cytokines and chemokines such as complement factors, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, NO, among others, which contribute to amplify the inflammatory response, induce morphological changes of different microglial phenotypes and contribute to apoptosis of RGCs (Ebneter et al., 2010; Bosco et al., 2012; Nickells et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016; Fernández-Albarral et al., 2019a; Ramírez et al., 2020a; Fernandez-Albarral et al., 2022).